In this country, radicalism against Britain, and against Western Civilization itself, went back to before its very beginnings in 1776, in certain Reformation era religious revolutionary and sectarian ways of looking at rebellion, of protest and dissent, against what was viewed at times as arbitrary and or autocratic monarchic or ministerial or parliamentary authority, whether vested in monarchs, emperors, popes, even Reformation Anglican prelates of the Church of England. Clark does a good job of exploring these issues and distinctions. The Language of Liberty, Our Shadowed Present.
Ch 4 of Our Shadowed Present HOW IDEOLOGIES ARE BORN The case of radicalism contains a useful account of the development of the ideology, the transformation over time really of then existing ideologies and institutions, that later became known at one time in England as radicalism, which in certain contexts should be viewed even now as a partial synonym for activism.
One can also distinguish these terms in some contexts as differences of degree, and distinguish violent from nonviolent, but they also are on a spectrum, and trade on a distinction with or without a difference.
Subversion is another aspect, operating at all levels. The Great Powers often operated covertly against one another, and diplomacy recounts many episodes of threats of subversion as well.
One can also distinguish these terms in some contexts as differences of degree, and distinguish violent from nonviolent, but they also are on a spectrum, and trade on a distinction with or without a difference.
Subversion is another aspect, operating at all levels. The Great Powers often operated covertly against one another, and diplomacy recounts many episodes of threats of subversion as well.
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