No. Not really.
Let's just start off by saying that moderns did not capture and take as adoptees any Neanderthal males at all.
Only Neanderthal females would have occasionally been captured and adopted.
Modern human adoption would not have been a nice situation for the adoptee.
It was not Jefferson's Monticello, or even anything like one of Nwaubani Ogogo Oriaku's slave-buyer's places, in Nigeria, in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
Most likely, they were wounded in the first instance, and so easier to capture and transport a short distance.
The modern humans were negroes, whereas Jefferson was white.
Captured Neanderthal women were white, whereas Sally Hemings was a negro slave.
But those are not really the most important distinctions here.
The real story of the modern human discovery of slavery is quite different.
Taking in even a single member of an enemy alien kind would have been a huge innovation for a small group.
What might have set such a possibility up in the first place?
Greater social control of the domestic group population itself is one possibility.
Was that population already under greater internal control, including the use of force and perhaps mild to extreme versions of torture?
I think so. The existing evidence from other very ancient groups like the San and others suggest that this may be the case.
Still, it would have shaken existing relations within very small modern human groups when it occurred.
The outsider would have had to be guarded (not just tortured or tormented for any misbehavior), unless wounded enough not to be a flight or behavior threat at first.
Then comes the question of the relationship of the captive to various members of the modern human group.
This is a very ticklish subject, but there is evidence from the remaining few early modern human societies still in existence both in Africa, Borneo, and Australia, to draw from.
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