RE 1984

" I know it is the fashion to say that most of recorded history is lies anyway. I am willing to believe that history is for the most part inaccurate and biased, but what is peculiar to our own age is the abandonment of the idea that history COULD be truthfully written. In the past people deliberately lied, or they unconsciously coloured what they wrote, or they struggled after the truth, well knowing that they must make many mistakes; but in each case they believed that 'facts' existed and were more or less discoverable. And in practice there was always a considerable body of fact which would have been agreed to by almost everyone. If you look up the history of the last war in, for instance, the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, you will find that a respectable amount of the material is drawn from German sources. A British and a German historian would disagree deeply on many things, even on fundamentals, but there would still be that body of, as it were, neutral fact on which neither would seriously challenge the other. It is just this common basis of agreement, with its implication that human beings are all one species of animal, that totalitarianism destroys. Nazi theory indeed specifically denies that such a thing as 'the truth' exists. There is, for instance, no such thing as 'Science'. There is only 'German Science', 'Jewish Science', etc. The implied objective of this line of thought is a nightmare world in which the Leader, or some ruling clique, controls not only the future but THE PAST. If the Leader says of such and such an event, 'It never happened'--well, it never happened. If he says that two and two are five--well, two and two are five. This prospect frightens me much more than bombs--and after our experiences of the last few years that is not a frivolous statement." 1984 DK excerpt

Unfortunately, a war, even, won't get one automatically toward objective facts or truth. The old adage history was written by victors has some truth to it.  According to Orwell's reasoning, the last thing he would have said, were Hitler to have won, was that this German history was thus now historical truth.

Re scientific truth, as an objective standard, Stephen Goldman had some good lectures on the history of science, and its controversies,  within the context of European intellectual, mostly physical science and astronomy: "Science Wars", Teaching Company.

Re philosophy of social science, Winch had some useful essays, in Ethics and Action, struggling with problems of truth, method, and morality, through historical, scientific, and social transformation, what I would call, in one sense, a struggle for neutral scientific, and moral, explanations, across disciplines, academic and political factions, wars, civilizations even, and time, etc.,: "Man and Society In Hobbes And Rousseau", "Nature And Convention", "Witchcraft And Magic Among The Azande", "Understanding A Primitive Society",  etc., etc. Winch, of course, read and spoke both German and French; things which I, unfortunately, did  not.

Wikipedia: philosophy of social science, Peter Winch